Tribally controlled community colleges are critical in providing many Montanans, Indian and non-Indian, with a pathway to higher education and the ability to prepare for the workforce. Like community colleges, Tribal community colleges focus on serving students in the immediate area, have lower tuition costs, and offer vocational/technical training along with transferrable credits to 4-year colleges and universities. Tribal colleges bring jobs to rural communities and contribute substantially to the economic health of our state. Montana should continue to prioritize its investment to support students attending Tribal colleges.
Tribal Colleges Play a Key Role in Montana’s Higher Education System
Tribally controlled colleges in Montana play a crucial role within the state’s broader higher education system. Montana is home to seven of the nation’s 35 Tribal community colleges and universities (TCUs) – more than any other state. In the fall of 2022, the seven Tribal colleges in Montana collectively served 2,575 students.[1] Individual Tribal Nations chartered the Tribal colleges, each of which is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities.[2] TCUs provide their students with a range of educational opportunities, from adult basic education and certificates to associate and bachelor’s degrees.
Tribal colleges grant students access to opportunity through quality, affordable education. Student demographics include those who are older, have children, and come from lower-income households.[3] TCUs are an accessible, affordable option for students and families.
Due to their modest size and structure, TCUs provide their students with an affordable education that includes the personal attention needed for student success.
In fact, American Indian students who attend TCUs are more likely than their peers who attend non-TCUs to graduate without debt, receive support, and pursue careers that align with their interests.[3]
Over the past few years, Tribal colleges have increased their academic offerings to reflect the needs of their local communities and broader job markets. For example, many Tribal colleges now offer degrees in information technology, business management, entrepreneurship, and healthcare-related professions like nursing and psychology. Because of this, Tribal colleges serve as a stepping stone for many graduates who go on to earn their bachelor’s degrees and graduate degrees at Montana universities. To this end, Tribal colleges have developed coordinated agreements with colleges in the Montana University System (MUS) so that students can successfully transfer to a MUS
school or access online courses to meet their academic and career needs. In 2023-2024, 87 American Indian students transferred from one of the seven Tribal colleges to a MUS school.[4]
Tribal Colleges Fuel Economic Growth in Montana
According to an economic analysis, Tribal colleges in Montana infused $76.2 million into the state economy in 2009.[5] In 2024 dollars, that amounts to about $111.39 million.[6] Tribal colleges create jobs for faculty and staff, as well as for students upon graduation. Many of these jobs are in rural communities, where they are especially needed. These jobs increase consumer spending and improve economic activity in rural communities where Tribal colleges are located. Tribal colleges also stimulate local and state economies by purchasing goods and services that support their daily functioning.
Individual studies confirm that Tribal colleges create a significant positive net impact on the local, state, and even national economies.[5] For example, during the 2013-2014 school year, Aaniiih Nakoda College spent $3.3 million on employee payroll and benefits and $4.4 million on goods and services. Combined with student and alums spending, this generated $21.6 million – equal to roughly 13 percent – of the total gross regional product of Blaine County. This economic contribution was the equivalent of creating 461 new jobs. For comparison, the total working-age population (those aged 15 through 64) of Blaine County in 2014 was 4,018.[5] Because of their Aaniiih Nakoda College education, students see an additional $14.4 million in increased earnings over their working lives, an annual rate of return of 20 percent on the cost of pursuing their education. For every dollar spent educating students at the college, taxpayers receive an average of $2.30 in return over the course of the students’ working lives.[5]
Montana benefits when students benefit from a greater earning potential, access to more job opportunities, and careers that align with their interests and goals.
Inequities in Public Funding of Tribal Colleges
Although Tribal colleges get some revenue from charging tuition and fees, their primary funding is federal and comes from Title III of the Higher Education Opportunity Act and the Tribally Controlled Community Colleges and Universities Assistance Act.[7] While federal law authorizes 8,000 in funding to Tribal colleges for each American Indian, or beneficiary, student, the actual disbursement is subject to appropriation. Beneficiary students are those students who are enrolled citizens of a federally recognized Tribal Nation or are the immediate descendants of an enrolled citizen. As of 2016, most Tribal colleges received less than the authorized amount and instead received approximately $6,700 per beneficiary student.[5]
Tribal colleges enroll a significant number of nonbeneficiary students or those students who do not meet the beneficiary description.[8] In 2022, non-Indian students made up a varying portion of enrollment at Tribal colleges in Montana – as low as 4% at Little Big Horn College and up to 25% at Salish Kootenai College.[9] Tribal colleges do not receive federal support for these students and are left to absorb the cost in their budgets.[10]
In 1995, the Montana Legislature responded to this funding shortfall by passing House Bill 544, appropriating $1.4 million to go towards reimbursing Tribally-controlled community colleges for the education of resident full-time nonbeneficiary students. This investment is now known as the Tribal College Assistance Program (TCAP). In 1997, the Legislature passed Senate Bill 84, making TCAP permanent; the funding distribution, however, remains contingent upon a line-item appropriation.[5] As of 2016, Montana is one of just two states that provides state funding for Tribal colleges.[11]
Despite this investment, Tribal community colleges continue to face funding shortfalls. For the 2025 biennium, the Legislature funded TCAP at roughly $2 million, including a one-time-only appropriation of $200,000 for Tribal colleges to help students prepare for and complete the HiSET exam, a high school equivalency test.[12] However, the 2027 governor’s executive budget has not requested renewed funding for the HiSET program, which has previously received funding for each biennium since 2019.[13] This decreases the overall TCAP funding. A significant difference exists in how the Legislature funds community colleges vs. Tribally controlled community colleges. The Legislature appropriated nearly $33.79 million towards three non-Tribally operated community colleges for the 2025 biennium.[14]
Current state law caps the maximum annual TCAP reimbursement at $3,280 per enrolled nonbeneficiary student. Again, distribution remains contingent upon a line-item appropriation.[8] In 2021, state support per resident full-time student was $7,278 at Dawson Community College, $6,192 at Flathead Valley Community College, and $6,750 at Miles Community College.[15]
Inequities in Public Funding of Tribal Colleges
Although Tribal colleges get some revenue from charging tuition and fees, their primary funding is federal and comes from Title III of the Higher Education Opportunity Act and the Tribally Controlled Community Colleges and Universities Assistance Act.[7] While federal law authorizes 8,000 in funding toTribal colleges for each American Indian, or beneficiary, student, the actual disbursement is subject to appropriation. Beneficiary students are those students who are enrolled citizens of a federally recognized Tribal Nation or are the immediate descendants of an enrolled citizen. As of 2016, most Tribal colleges received less than the authorized amount and instead received approximately $6,700 per beneficiary student.[5]
Tribal colleges enroll a significant number of nonbeneficiary students or those students who do not meet the beneficiary description.[8] In 2022, non-Indian students made up a varying portion of enrollment at Tribal colleges in Montana – as low as 4% at Little Big Horn College and up to 25% at Salish Kootenai College.[9] Tribal colleges do not receive federal support for these students and are left to absorb the cost in their budgets.[10]
In 1995, the Montana Legislature responded to this funding shortfall by passing House Bill 544, appropriating $1.4 million to go towards reimbursing Tribally-controlled community colleges for the education of resident full-time nonbeneficiary students. This investment is now known as the Tribal College Assistance Program (TCAP). In 1997, the Legislature passed Senate Bill 84, making TCAP permanent; the funding distribution, however, remains contingent upon a line-item appropriation.[5] As of 2016, Montana is one of just two states that provides state funding for Tribal colleges.[11]
Despite this investment, Tribal community colleges continue to face funding shortfalls. For the 2025 biennium, the Legislature funded TCAP at roughly $2 million, including a one-time-only appropriation of $200,000 for Tribal colleges to help students prepare for and complete the HiSET exam, a high school equivalency test.[12] However, the 2027 governor’s executive budget has not requested renewed funding for the HiSET program, which has previously received funding for each biennium since 2019.[13] This decreases the overall TCAP funding. A significant difference exists in how the Legislature funds community colleges vs. Tribally controlled community colleges. The Legislature appropriated nearly $33.79 million towards three non-Tribally operated community colleges for the 2025 biennium.[14]
Current state law caps the maximum annual TCAP reimbursement at $3,280 per enrolled nonbeneficiary student. Again, distribution remains contingent upon a line-item appropriation.[8] In 2021, state support per resident full-time student was $7,278 at Dawson Community College, $6,192 at Flathead Valley Community College, and $6,750 at Miles Community College.[15]
Tribal Colleges Deserve Continued Support
The 2027 biennial executive budget requests $1.84 million for the Tribal College Assistance Program.[15] This is a $200,000 decrease from the past biennium due to funding for the HiSET program not being included in the budget. This comes just a short time after Tribal leaders presented to the Education Interim Budget Committee on the positive impacts the HiSET program has on the communities that Tribal colleges serve.[16] Montana legislators are navigating a budget surplus that presents the opportunity for a much-needed increase in funding for Tribal colleges that would benefit all students. The return on investment in these institutions is one of the soundest we can make. The Legislature should:
• Continue funding HiSET and support funding increases,
• Increase the TCAP state funding ceiling of $3,280 per student to be more in line with state per-student funding of community colleges
• Adjust the maximum annual TCAP reimbursement for nonbeneficiary students to keep pace with inflation.
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