state revenue tax policy
state revenue tax policy

Montana Communities Cannot Afford the Oil and Gas Tax Holiday

Montana communities depend on revenue from oil and gas companies to fund important services like our schools. And yet, through policy decisions by the state legislature, Montana has given oil and gas production companies major tax breaks that have cost the state millions in lost revenue that could have been used to invest in our communities.

In 1999, the legislature created a tax break for oil and gas companies that lowers the taxation of oil and gas production during the most profitable period of extraction. At the time, proponents of the tax break claimed that it would encourage economic development in Montana’s resource-rich areas, a claim unsupported by the facts. In reality, oil and gas companies operate where there is oil and do not base their decisions on state taxes, which are just a small fraction of their total costs.[1]

This tax break has cost the state and communities impacted by resource extraction tens of millions of dollars per year. The most recent boom in natural gas and oil production has created an increased strain on public services on structures. Rather than maintaining needed services like education, public sewers, water systems, and good roads, that would help Montana retain and grow jobs, the money was instead given to oil and gas companies as a tax break. In short, the oil and gas tax holiday is ineffective and has cost Montana millions in revenue for public services and infrastructure. It is time to take a hard look at the effectiveness of this corporate tax break.

Severance Taxes


A tax on oil, gas, or other resource extraction is called a severance tax because it is a tax on severing a nonrenewable resource from the earth. In other words, this tax applies to resources that we cannot recover or use again.

Severance taxes reimburse communities for the permanently reduced value of their land. There is broad agreement today that the severance tax represents good tax policy: private companies should compensate Montana for irreversibly removing and profiting off of natural resources from the state.

Severance taxes are based on the value of the resources extracted. The value of the resource varies with the price of the resource and therefore so does the amount of severance tax collected. In Montana, the severance tax on oil and gas extraction is called the oil and gas production tax.[2]

Oil and Gas Tax Holiday


Newly drilled wells in Montana are not subject to the same oil and gas production tax as older wells. Newly drilled wells are taxed at 0.76 percent, a much lower rate than the standard 9.26 percent.[3] The time period in which wells are subject to the lower tax depends on the type of well drilled. Vertical wells benefit from the lower tax rate for twelve months and horizontal wells for 18 months.[4] This period of substantially lower tax rates has become known as a tax “holiday.”

Taxing oil and gas at a lower rate at the beginning of production is particularly problematic because wells produce significantly higher amounts at the beginning of their lifetime. The following graph from the Montana Department of Revenue shows the average daily production of oil in the Bakken Oil Fields.[5]

  

Cost of the Tax Holiday to Montanans


In a seven-year period, from 2008 to 2014, the tax holiday cost the state and counties $265 million in revenue (Table 1).[6] Revenues are split approximately 53/47 between the state and counties,[7] and approximately 90% of the state’s share goes to the state general fund, used to help pay for public services like schools, roads, and bridges.[8] Consequently, the general fund lost approximately $126.5 million over the seven-year period. Local governments experienced a loss of $124 million.











































































Table 1: Cost of Oil and Gas Tax Holiday, 2008-2014
Fiscal Year Oil and Gas Taxable Production Tax Collected on Working Interest Value Potential Revenue Without Holiday Revenue Lost Due to Holiday
(Working Interest Value)
2008 $769,339,961 $5,846,983 $71,240,880 $65,393,897
2009 $300,248,015 $2,281,885 $27,802,966 $25,521,082
2010 $131,916,874 $1,002,568 $12,215,502 $11,212,934
2011 $249,185,971 $1,893,813 $23,074,621 $21,180,807
2012 $348,544,767 $2,648,940 $32,275,245 $29,626,305
2013 $641,780,456 $4,877,531 $59,428,870 $54,551,339
2014 $680,904,096 $5,174,871 $63,051,719 $57,876,848
7-Year Total $3,121,920,140 $23,726,592 $289,089,804 $265,363,212
Source: Department of Revenue

 

The cost of the holiday to the general fund for the 2015 biennium is estimated to be $53.6 million. Over the same time period, counties are expected to have lost almost $53 million.[9]

The issue of lost revenue is especially important in the communities that have felt the greatest impact of the oil and gas boom. In Eastern Montana, the development of the Bakken region has meant over-burdened schools, a strained police force, heavy use of local roads, and little to no affordable housing. However, because of the tax holiday, local counties and cities do not receive the revenue they need to meet the increased infrastructure and service demands during the initial period of drilling, the time when the community feels these impacts the most.[10] Furthermore, “spillover counties” that have little to no oil and gas production, but feel the effects of increased demands on their housing, roads, and school systems, are not receiving the funding they need because the distribution formula does not direct funds to spillover counties.

The Oil and Gas Tax Holiday is Ineffective Policy


One argument used to justify the oil and gas tax holiday has been that it will encourage more development; however, a comparison of the effective tax rates of our neighboring states casts doubt on that claim. While actual tax rates vary due to numerous factors--like the length of time a well has been in operation--the effective rate is the average tax rate paid on all extraction. Montana’s effective rate of taxation on oil and gas, 9.8%, is significantly lower than both Wyoming’s 15.9% and New Mexico’s 15%. Yet Wyoming and New Mexico have higher total production value. In 2008, Wyoming saw $19.2 billion in oil and gas production. New Mexico’s production totaled $14.5 billion. Both of these figures are substantially higher than Montana’s $3.1 billion total for the same year. In other words, the amount of production does not appear to be related to the effective tax rate.[11]

Likewise, when comparing tax rates over the lifetime of a typical well in the Bakken formation, North Dakota has a tax rate of 10.6%, higher than Montana’s rate of 7.4%.[12] Despite this higher tax rate, North Dakota still ranked in the top five of oil and gas producing states in 2011. Montana, however, did not.[13] Although North Dakota also has an oil and gas tax holiday, it does not go into effect unless oil prices are below $52.59 per barrel, preserving revenue for the state when production value is high.[14]

The evidence continues to mount that repealing the oil and gas tax holiday would not harm, and may actually help, the Montana economy. Three studies in particular are relevant when considering the impact the holiday has had on Montana’s economy.

It is not surprising that oil and gas taxes have little effect on the amount of resources extracted in a state. Both common sense and research tell us that oil and gas companies will operate where there is oil and will not base decisions on state taxes, a small fraction of their total costs and profits.

Oil and Gas as Economic Development


Oil and gas production can create well-paying jobs in rural communities. Even so, relying on the extraction of oil and gas for economic development alone is not a good overall strategy for communities. Counties with extractive resources love the boom-times, but fear the bust. In the long run, these counties are often poorer and have slower job growth than their peers that don’t have oil and gas resources (and even recent booms can’t measure up to growth occurring in other counties).[19] Extraction counties tend to lack characteristics that will make them competitive in the long run. They have:

These counties still need jobs, and oil and gas will continue to be part of the mix. But giving these resources away means forgoing other investments that will lead to sustainable prosperity. Responsible taxation retains jobs (the booms will still come), but will also allow oil and gas counties to better weather the busts and begin diversifying their economies.

Protection against Bust Cycles


While Montana’s revenue sources are more diverse than many surrounding states that are heavily reliant on natural resource taxes, recent declines in production have negatively impacted revenue to the general fund.[21],[22] Oil production in Montana has been declining since 2015, due to a dramatic drop in oil prices, from near $100 a barrel in 2014, to $50 in 2015. [23], [24] This drop in production and price will cause a decrease in revenue to the general fund in coming years. In 2014, oil and gas tax revenue contributed nearly $110 million to the general fund, followed by $73 million in 2015. According to Montana Legislative Fiscal Division, the next four years are predicted to see contributions of less than $50 million per year. [25] Furthermore, the decrease in oil prices is also likely to decrease individual and corporate income tax revenue, as well as U.S. mineral royalties. Currently, there are no drilling rigs operating in the state, and due to the oil and gas tax holiday, new production would be unable to help increase revenue to general fund in the next few years, as these wells would pay very little for their first 18 months of operation.[26]

Repealing the oil and gas tax holiday, coupled with establishing an oil and gas trust fund (see below), could help Montana protect against future downturns such as this one. Montana gives away more in tax expenditures than neighboring oil and gas producing states, nearly one million dollars per unconventional oil well over the course of ten years.[27] The tax holiday accounts for over half of this. Conversely, North Dakota puts $930,680 over ten years per unconventional oil well into trust funds to help protect against bust cycles.[28]

Due to the decrease in oil prices, North Dakota has been experiencing significant budget shortfalls, causing the Governor to make substantial cuts to the state’s agencies. However, some of this shortfall has been able to be mitigated by use of the Budget Stabilization Fund, which is largely funded by oil taxes.[29] Because North Dakota limits its tax holiday only to times when oil prices are very low and preserves a good portion of oil tax revenue through the long-term Budget Stabilization Fund, North Dakota can provide stable returns even during bust cycles.[30] Revenue generated during boom cycles can then be available at the start of the next boom, helping to manage the increased needs of communities before tax revenue becomes available. The 2015 Montana legislature voted against a bill (HB 310) that would have created an oil and gas trust fund for Montana.[31]

Tax policies that eliminate or delay revenue cause communities to play “catch up” when there is increase demand for services like roads, sewer, etc. Montana communities receive revenue from taxes 22 months after well completion (the tax holiday period, as well as the four months it takes for taxes to be collected and distributed). Montana communities can help protect against the downturns caused by bust cycles and meet the demands during booms by repealing the tax holiday.

Reexamining the Holiday – Policy Solutions that Work for Montana


Montana policymakers have several viable options for addressing the oil and gas tax holiday to use the resulting revenue to boost Montana’s economy to help affected communities deal with the impacts of oil and gas development. One possible solution is to repeal the holiday outright, which would simply ensure that newly drilled wells are taxed at the same rate as older wells. An alternative to completely repealing the oil and gas tax holiday is implementing a trigger price at which the holiday would go into effect. Creating this trigger would make Montana’s tax code more similar to North Dakota, which has a trigger set at $52.59 per barrel.[32] If Montana adopts the same trigger, during periods of low oil prices, the oil and gas tax holiday would go into effect. Creating a trigger price at which the repeal goes into effect makes sure that Montana is fairly compensated for our resources when prices are high and oil companies are making significant profit off extraction, while at the same time allows us to remain competitive in the energy market when resource prices fall.

In either case, repealing the oil and gas tax holiday or instituting a trigger could change the way Montana’s vital oil and gas revenues flow. Rather than benefitting large corporations, this revenue could benefit the state and local communities. Proper investment of this funding could build the region for years to come by addressing both immediate and long-term needs. For example, a portion of the recovered revenues could be used to establish an Oil and Gas Trust Fund. This trust fund would help support the state by providing a sustainable revenue source to the state’s general fund, similar to the Coal Tax Bond Fund, helping to fund our schools, improve our infrastructure, and support the economy. Revenue from the reform of the tax holiday could also help create an impact fund to support both spillover counties and counties whose oil and gas tax revenues are not sufficient to meet the rising service and infrastructure demands of the resource boom.

By creating both an impact fund and a trust, the tax holiday repeal or trigger would help to address short- and long-term issues created by the oil and gas boom, while avoiding redirecting funds away from any of the current beneficiaries of the oil and gas production tax. This approach would ensure that the state general fund, cities, and counties would not experience a reduction in their funding.

Conclusion


Communities across Montana have lost millions of dollars through this exclusive tax break for oil and gas companies – money that could be invested in the local communities to create conditions for reliable, long-term development.

Furthermore, research has shown that oil and gas tax breaks do not substantially influence the amount of drilling that occurs, and that drilling alone is not a reliable means to grow the economy over the long run. State taxes are unlikely to influence oil and gas companies’ decisions to drill new wells because companies have to drill where the oil exists, and state taxes are a small share of total productions costs.

Montana cannot afford the oil and gas tax holiday. Our state would be better served by using these revenues to invest in communities where our children can learn, grow, prosper, and stay to raise their own families well into the future.

Endnotes

[1] Headwaters Economics, “Energy Revenue in the Intermountain West: State and Local Government Taxes and Royalties from Oil, Natural Gas and Coal,” October 2008, http://headwaterseconomics.org/pubs/energy/HeadwatersEconomics_EnergyRevenue.pdf

[2] Some have argued that the term “production tax” is a misnomer. See, for example, Gabriel Lozada, “The Effect of Proposed 2009 Tax Changes on Utah’s Oil and Gas Industry,” December 18, 2008 (“On a final note, “production” of oil and gas is in a sense a misnomer. Oil and gas were produced millions of years ago; none are produced today. The oil and gas industries extract these products today, and if their activity is reduced, more oil and gas will remain in the ground for future generations of Americans to use. So diminishing “production” of oil and gas from Utah today is properly understood not as decreasing the total amount of oil and gas ever extracted from the state, but instead as shifting extraction from today to the future.”).

[3] Rates apply to working interest entities on wells drilled after 1999. Entities with a working interest are those that do the work to extract the oil or gas from the ground. In addition to the working interest entity, there is the royalty interest entity that owns the mineral rights, but does not invest in the extraction. There is no tax holiday for royalty interest entities. Montana Department of Revenue. “Biennial Report. July 1, 2012 – June 30, 2014”, http://revenue.mt.gov/Portals/9/publications/biennial_reports/2012-2014/BiennialReport-2012-2014.pdf

[4] The current definition of newly drilled wells was created in 1999; severance tax rates were also lowered at that time from 12 percent on oil and 15 percent on natural gas to 9 percent on both. “Generally Revise the Taxation of Oil and Natural Gas Production, SB530.” Montana Legislature. 1999 Regular Legislative Session (1999). http://leg.mt.gov/bills/BillHtml/SB0530.htm

[5] Montana Department of Revenue. “Oil and Gas Production Tax Comparison: Montana and North Dakota.” November 8, 2012. http://revenue.mt.gov/Portals/9/committees/Revenue_Transportation/2011-2012/September_2012/Sept2012_Oil-Gas_Production-Comparison_MT-ND-UPDATED.pdf

[6] Montana Department of Revenue. “Biennial Report. July 1, 2012 – June 30, 2014”, http://revenue.mt.gov/Portals/9/publications/biennial_reports/2012-2014/BiennialReport-2012-2014.pdf

[7] The specific percentage that a county receives varies, depending on how much production occurs in that county. For example, Custer County receives almost 70% of the revenue from production, while Rosebud County receives about 40%. Montana Department of Revenue. “Biennial Report. July 1, 2012 – June 30, 2014”, http://revenue.mt.gov/Portals/9/publications/biennial_reports/2012-2014/BiennialReport-2012-2014.pdf

[8] Montana Department of Revenue. “Biennial Report. July 1, 2012 – June 30, 2014”, http://revenue.mt.gov/Portals/9/publications/biennial_reports/2012-2014/BiennialReport-2012-2014.pdf

[9] Figures calculated from Department of Revenue’s Biennial Report (2012-2014). Based on 2013 and 2014 taxable production, total revenue lost due to tax holiday during the 2015 biennium was approximately $112 million.

[10] Ed Kemmick. “The Bakken Boom.” Spring 2012. http://archive.umt.edu/montanan/s12/The%20Bakken%20Boom.php

[11] Headwaters Economics. “Energy Revenue in the Intermountain West: State and Local Government Taxes and Royalties from Oil, Natural Gas and Coal.” October 2008. http://headwaterseconomics.org/pubs/energy/HeadwatersEconomics_EnergyRevenue.pdf

[12] Department of Revenue. “Oil and Gas Production Tax Comparison: Montana and North Dakota.” November 8, 2012. http://revenue.mt.gov/Portals/9/committees/Revenue_Transportation/2011-2012/September_2012/Sept2012_Oil-Gas_Production-Comparison_MT-ND-UPDATED.pdf

[13] Institute for Energy Research. “Crude Oil Production from Shale Formation Jumps in 2011.” March 29, 2011. http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/2012/03/29/crude-oil-production-from-shale-formations-jumps-in-2011/

[14] The trigger is actually set at $50.09.  North Dakota subtracts $2.50 from the West Texas Intermediate (WTI) price and compares this amount to the trigger.  For simplicity, we are referring to the trigger as comparing the WTI price to the trigger plus $2.50. Office of State Tax Commissioner. “Annual Oil Trigger Price Adjustment”. December 2014. http://www.nd.gov/tax/oilgas/pubs/trigger.pdf?20141228194001

[15] The intermountain states studied were Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming.

[16] Headwaters Economics, “Energy Revenue in the Intermountain West: State and Local Government Taxes and Royalties from Oil, Natural Gas and Coal.” October 2008. http://headwaterseconomics.org/pubs/energy/HeadwatersEconomics_EnergyRevenue.pdf

[17] Gabriel Lozada. “The Effect of Proposed 2009 Tax Changes on Utah’s Oil and Gas Industry.” December 18, 2008.

[18] Shelby Gerking, et. al., “Mineral Tax Incentive, Mineral Production and the Wyoming Economy.” December 1, 2000. http://eadiv.state.wy.us/mtim/StateReport.pdf

[19] “As measured by average annual job growth, only one of 26 [energy-focusing] counties ranks among the top 30 economic performers in the West, while during the last energy boom half were top performers. In addition, more than half of EF counties are losing population in the midst of today’s energy surge.” Headwaters Economics. “Fossil Fuel Extraction as a County Economic Development Strategy: Are Energy-Focusing Counties Benefiting?” September 2008. http://headwaterseconomics.org/pubs/energy/HeadwatersEconomics_EnergyFocusing.pdf

[20] Headwaters Economics. “Fossil Fuel Extraction as a County Economic Development Strategy: Are Energy-focusing Counties Benefitting?” September 2008. http://headwaterseconomics.org/pubs/energy/HeadwatersEconomics_EnergyFocusing.pdf

[21] As noted by the Montana Department of Revenue, “…Montana has one of the more balanced tax systems, as measured by the percent of revenue from one or two taxes…” “Biennial Report. July 1, 2012 – June 30, 2014.” http://revenue.mt.gov/Portals/9/publications/biennial_reports/2012-2014/BiennialReport-2012-2014.pdf

[22] Legislative Fiscal Division, “Historical Oil Production and Rigs in Montana by Calendar Year,” May, 2016, accessed September, 2016. http://leg.mt.gov/content/Publications/fiscal/2016%20Chart%20of%20the%20Week/cotw-oil-production-rigs.pdf.

[23] Legislative Fiscal Division. “Historical Oil Production and Rigs in Montana by Calendar Year.” May, 2016. http://leg.mt.gov/content/Publications/fiscal/2016%20Chart%20of%20the%20Week/cotw-oil-production-rigs.pdf

[24] Legislative Fiscal Division. “2019 Biennium Outlook for the General Fund Budget.” June 16, 2016. http://leg.mt.gov/content/Publications/fiscal/interim/2016financemty_june/2019-Outlook-Updated-Version.pdf

[25] Legislative Fiscal Division. “General Fund Oil and Natural Gas Tax by Fiscal Year.” July 2016. http://leg.mt.gov/content/Publications/fiscal/2016%20Chart%20of%20the%20Week/Outlook/cotw-outlook-oil.pdf

[26] Legislative Fiscal Division. “General Fund Oil and Natural Gas Tax by Fiscal Year,” July 2016. http://leg.mt.gov/content/Publications/fiscal/2016%20Chart%20of%20the%20Week/Outlook/cotw-outlook-oil.pdf

[27] Headwaters Economics. “How Montana Returns ‘Unconventional’ Oil Revenue to Local Governments.” January 2014. http://headwaterseconomics.org/wphw/wp-content/uploads/state-energy-policies-mt.pdf

[28] Headwaters Economics. “How Montana Returns ‘Unconventional’ Oil Revenue to Local Governments.” January 2014. http://headwaterseconomics.org/wphw/wp-content/uploads/state-energy-policies-mt.pdf

[29] Ronald A. Writz. “Saving for a rainy, oil-free day.” FedGazette. Federal Researve Bank of Minneapolis. September 3, 2013. https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications/fedgazette/saving-for-a-rainy-oilfree-day.

[30] Headwaters Economics. “Oil and Natural Gas Fiscal Best Practices: Lessons for State and Local Governments.” November 2012. https://headwaterseconomics.org/wphw/wp-content/uploads/Energy_Fiscal_Best_Practices.pdf.

[31] 2015 Montana Legislature. “House Bill No. 310.” Accessed October 15, 2016. http://leg.mt.gov/bills/2015/billhtml/HB0310.htm

[32] Office of State Tax Commissioner. “Annual Oil Trigger Price Adjustment.” December 2014. http://www.nd.gov/tax/oilgas/pubs/trigger.pdf?20141228194001
Montana Budget & Policy Center

Shaping policy for a stronger Montana.

MBPC is a nonprofit organization focused on providing credible and timely research and analysis on budget, tax, and economic issues that impact low- and moderate-income Montana families.