2023 State-Tribal Legislative Impacts

Jul 18, 2023

By Imani Kindness-Coleman

In May, Montana’s 68th Legislative session adjourned. It closed with several vital bills that impact American Indians living in Montana. Tribal Nations have a government-to-government relationship with states. States have a mutual obligation to listen and communicate with tribal governments to ensure resources are maximized for all their citizens. While the federal budget plays a significant role in Indian Country, the state budget also impacts Tribal communities. Through the state budget, the Montana Legislature identifies, prioritizes, and funds the public services we rely on. This report summarizes some of the bills relevant to Tribal communities that the 2023 Legislature considered. Throughout the session, the Indian Caucus, comprised of 11 Indigenous legislators, worked with Tribal governments and their members, as well as partner organizations, to support or oppose bills that are in the best interest of Indian Country. Along with positive outcomes, this report also touches on missed opportunities for legislators to positively affect the lives of all Montanans. Both are crucial for identifying improvements Montana can make for future sessions. It is important to note that, although the legislative session is over, lawmakers will continue to serve in the interim. For example, between legislative sessions, the State-Tribal Relations Committee (STRC) acts as a liaison with Tribal governments, encourages intergovernmental cooperation, conducts interim studies, and reports its activities and findings to the Legislature. The STRC may also propose legislation for the next Legislature to consider. For example, in the 2022-2023 interim, the STRC proposed HJ 1 that requested a bill to study missing youth which has now been signed into law.   For easier navigation, click the bill number to go directly to a particular bill. Click the bill title in the body to navigate to the official bill draft for more information.  

Bill No.	Title	Outcome	Page
General
HB 2	General Appropriations Act	Passed	3
Economic Development & Infrastructure
HB 19	Revising laws related to Indian affairs and economic development	Passed	4
HB 141	Revise Blackfeet mitigation fund laws	Passed	4
HB 477	Generally revise corporation laws regarding Tribal entities	Passed	4
HB 597	Generally revising laws relating to reallocation of 911 fees	Passed	4
HB 804	Provide broadband funding review requirements	Failed	5
HB 882	Exempt federally recognized Tribal members from vehicle registration fees	Failed	5
SB 119	Provide Tribal property tax exemption to Tribal members	Failed	5
SB 127	Require Montana to provide funding for PL280 enforcement	Failed	5
SJ 5	A resolution urging congress to fully fund law enforcement in Indian Country	Passed	6
Education/Language
HB 287	Revise laws related to Indian language preservation	Passed	7
HB 288	Revise laws related to tuition waivers for American Indian students	Failed	7
HB 338	Revise laws related to Indian Education for All	Passed	7
HB 346	Revise the Tribal computer programming scholarship program	Passed	7
HB 394	Require examination of creation of state-Tribal education accord schools	Failed	7
HB 395	Improve school district consultation with American Indian Tribes	Failed	8
Health
HB 79	Create sexual assault response network program and committee	Passed	8
HB 582	Extend sunset date for community health aide program	Passed	9
HB 649	Implement rates from provider rate study	Failed	9
HB 872	Provide funding for behavioral health system for future generations	Passed	9
SB 465	Require implementation of Medicaid community engagement requirements	Failed	9
HR 9	Resolution urging federal action to implement community health aide program	Passed	9
Missing and Murdered Indigenous People
HB 18	Establish missing person response team training grant program	Passed	10
HB 163	Revise and extend Missing Indigenous Persons Task Force	Passed	10
HJ 1	Request interim study on missing youth	Passed	10
Other
HB 281	Revise the Burial Preservation Board member terms	Passed	10
HB 317	Provide for Montana Indian Child Welfare Act	Passed	11
HB 489	Update the name of the Rocky Mountain Tribal Leaders Council in transportation law	Passed	11
HR 10	A resolution recognizing the Vatican's repudiation of the Doctrine of Discovery	Failed	11
HJ 37	Interim study for recognition of the Turtle Mountain Indians	Passed	11
SB 120	Establish the Chief Earl Old Person memorial highway	Passed	12
SB 141	Create Indigenous People’s Day	Failed	12
SB 233	Enhance legislative understanding of state-Tribal relations	Failed	12
SJ 6	A joint resolution to recognize the Indigenous boarding school experience	Passed	12

HB = House Bill, HR= House Resolution, SB = Senate Bill, SJ = Senate Joint Resolution.   General Appropriations (House Bill 2) General Appropriations Act Bill Number: HB 2 Sponsor: Rep. Llew Jones Outcome: Passed Appropriation (biennium): $5.3 million to Indian Country funding The state budget is housed within House Bill 2 (HB 2) and determines the funding for most state agencies, like the Department of Public Health and Human Services or the Department of Corrections. The state budget represents the statewide investment in the public institutions and services that educate our children, keep our communities safe, and provide health care and other services to our neighbors who need them.[1] At the start of the session, HB 2 is divided into six sections, each reviewed by their respective subcommittee of legislators. In the second week of February, subcommittees begin their first round of legislative decisions about the budget. For more information on HB 2 subcommittees, please see our report on HB 2 Executive Action: Budget Subcommittees First Round of Decisions on House Bill 2. For Indian Country, funding in HB 2 appropriated $1.5 million to the Office of Public Instruction (OPI) for Montana Indian Language Preservation Program (MILP).[2] HB 2 also appropriated another $1.8 million to the Office of the Commissioner of Higher Education to reimburse Tribal colleges for resident nonbeneficiary (non-Tribal member) students and $200,000 to Tribal colleges for the HiSET (formerly GED) exam.[3] For the Indian Country Economic Development (ICED) Program which is managed by the Deptartment of Commerce, funding amounted to $1.8 million and a one full-time equivalent (FTE) staff to run the program.[4]   Economic Development and Infrastructure Before outlining state investments in the economic infrastructure of Indian Country, it is crucial to touch on taxation and economic contributions of Tribal communities. Tax dollars raised in states fund essential services like education, healthcare, transportation, assistance for struggling families, and corrections.[5] Throughout different legislative sessions, many have witnessed false and misleading statements about taxation in Indian Country, claiming that American Indians do not pay taxes.[6] These claims are simply not true, do not capture the nuance of tax policy in Indian Country, and overlook the huge role that Tribal communities play in our state. As just one example, an analysis of data from 2003-2009 shows that Tribal nations in Montana collectively contribute about $1 billion per year to the Montana economy.[7] Among many other contributions, Tribal Nations provide programs and services that benefit all Montanans, American Indians and non-Indians alike. It is irresponsible and harmful to suggest otherwise. For more on taxes in Indian Country, see MBPC’s policy basics reports: Taxes in Indian Country Part 1: Individual Tribal Members, Tribal Governments, and Taxation Authority in Indian Country. Revising laws related to Indian affairs and economic development Bill Number: HB 19 Sponsor: Rep. Running Wolf Outcome: Passed Appropriation: $116,022[8] Under current law, the Dept of Commerce is required to publish a decennial report on the economic contributions and impacts of the Tribal Nations in Montana. The bill eliminates the requirement for a decennial report and instead requires the department to develop a system to gather and make quantifiable info available on an ongoing basis. This bill is meant to provide not only the state and Tribal Nations with data but also the general public so they may better understand the major economic contributions that Tribal Nations make to the state of Montana. A caveat to this bill is the striking of two job positions that would serve under the director of the Governor's Office of Indian Affairs. Revise Blackfeet mitigation fund laws Bill Number: HB 141 Sponsor: Rep. Llew Jones Outcome: Passed HB 141 changes the language of the Amskapi-Pikuni (Blackfeet Tribe) water rights compact mitigation account. It removes the cap of $650,000 per fiscal year that the Department of Natural Resources and Conservation can spend to implement the water rights compact among the Blackfeet Tribe, the state, and the United States. The account is used to enhance water availability and mitigate the economic or hydrologic impacts on water rights holders caused by the development of the Blackfeet Tribe's water rights. Generally revise corporation laws regarding Tribal entities Bill Number: HB 477 Sponsor: Rep. Stewart-Peregoy Outcome: Passed This bill is an act revising business laws to recognize a federally recognized Tribal Nations as a “foreign business entity” regarding transactions with money lenders. This change will open up access to capital from banks to Tribal Nations and entrepreneurs. Generally Revising laws relating to reallocation of 911 fees Bill Number: HB 597 Sponsor: Rep. Duram Outcome: Passed Fees collected for 9-1-1 services are open to Tribal governments and entities to apply for if they host a public safety answering point. HB 597 splits the current revenue funding the 9-1-1 grant program. The dollar amount spent on telecommunications grants would decrease to $1 million and accommodate $2.6 million for the Next Generation 9–1-1 communication system. Provide Broadband funding review requirements Bill Number: HB 804 Sponsor: Rep. Running Wolf Outcome: Failed Historically, Tribal consultation for broadband projects has not been prioritized - leading to poor infrastructure, safety issues, and a complete disregard for the Tribal perspective.  In a 2018 FCC’s Broadband Deployment Report, 27.7 percent of Tribal populations did not have fixed broadband service available with minimum speed of 25 Mbps/3 Mbps; whereas, only about 1.5 percent of the urban population did not.^[9] If broadband development were to occur within the reservation boundary, HB 804 would make it so Tribal consultation is prioritized before the development occurs. The bill included making a request to Tribal Nations for a resolution stating approval and support for any funding application for broadband development for projects that reside within the exterior borders of a federally recognized Indian reservation located in the state. Exempt federally recognized tribal members from vehicle registration fees Bill Number: HB 882 Sponsor: Rep. Windy Boy   Outcome: Failed The provisions of this bill would have exempted a member of a federally recognized Tribal Nation located within the boundaries of Montana from vehicle registration fees. Currently, only Tribal citizens living on their reservation of enrollment are exempt from vehicle registration fees. Provide Tribal property tax exemption to Tribal members Bill Number: SB 119 Sponsor: Rep.  Webber Outcome: Failed Currently, Montana has a 5-year property tax exemption for land located within the boundaries of the reservation that is in the process of being converted from fee to Tribal trust status. This exemption is only available to property held by a federally recognized Tribal Nation. SB 119 would have allowed tribally enrolled property owners to access this exemption. Require Montana to provide funding for PL280 enforcement Bill Number: SB 127 Sponsor: Hertz Outcome: Failed Proposed Appropriation: $5 million[10] This bill looked to appropriate funds to the Department of Justice in an amount that would be mutually agreed upon by the state and Lake County. The Department of Justice would reimburse Lake County for law enforcement services on the Flathead Indian Reservation. In the 1960s, Lake County, the state, and the Séliš Ksanka Ql̓ispé (Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes) entered a PL 280 agreement outlining that the county would provide law enforcement on the reservation. While SB 127 died in committee, HB 479 also looked to provide an appropriation for Lake County and was sent to the governor's desk. However, the bill was vetoed. Most members of the Montana American Indian Caucus voted against this funding. A resolution urging congress to fully fund law enforcement in Indian Country Bill Number: SJ 5 Sponsor: Brown Outcome: Passed This resolution urges the United States Congress to fully fund public safety and law enforcement agencies, programs, services, and activities within Montana’s reservation. The resolution invites Tribal Nations in Montana to submit their own resolutions and send them as a package to Congress.   Education Throughout the 2025 Legislature, American Indian representatives brought many bills involving Indian education to the forefront of conversations. These took a wide array of shapes, from increasing access to higher education to improving education in public schools. Conversations about implementing content in schools about the unique and distinct cultural heritage of American Indians are not a new development for Montana. As early as 1972, many Tribal citizens traveled to Helena to testify at the Montana Constitutional Convention. Article X of the Montana state constitution was codified thanks to their efforts.[11] Roughly 25 years later, legislators would pass Indian Education for All (IEFA) that mandates every Montanan be encouraged to learn about the distinct and unique heritage of American Indians.[12] Historically, the United States utilized school systems to implement an assimilation policy. School systems were used as a tool to impose Western religious beliefs, language, and European lifestyles on American Indians.[13] Now many Tribal Nations are working to actively counter colonial policy's harmful and lasting effects by implementing policies that support Indigenous students in the classroom.   For more on Education in Indian Country, see MBPC’s policy basics report: An Outstanding Return on Investment: Tribal Colleges and Their Contributions to Montana.   Language Tribal languages are disappearing because of past federal policies and practices. Historically, many people held the idea that Tribal languages hindered American Indian assimilation. This led to policies that banned Tribal languages in school settings, contributing to language loss today. Of the 300 Tribal languages once spoken in the United States, only 175 remain. Montana is home to 12 of these languages. In 2013 the Montana Legislature established the Montana Indian Language Preservation Program (MILP). Despite its success, MILP has continued to be funded as a one-time-only appropriation for the 2025 legislative session.[14] Along with fighting the permanent loss of culturally significant languages, American Indian students benefit from including their languages in the classrooms. Studies show that when Tribal languages are implemented in the curriculum, American Indian students have improved academic success, increased self-esteem and self-worth, a greater sense of cultural identity and belonging, and strengthened relationships.[15] For more on Education in Indian Country, see MBPC’s policy basics reports on: Tribal Language Preservation Revise laws related to Indian Language Preservation  Bill Number: HB 287 Sponsor: Rep. Windy Boy Outcome: Passed HB 287 revises the Montana Indian Language Preservation Program (MILP) to emphasize the importance of partnership between Tribal Nations and schools when implementing language curricula. It also clarifies the reporting requirements for all parties involved to help them better reach their goals of multigenerational fluency. The Legislature adopted a restricted biennial general fund budget increase to MILP totaling $1.5 million for the 2025 Biennium.[16] Revise laws related to tuition waivers for American Indian students Bill Number: HB 288 Sponsor: Rep. Windy Boy Outcome: Failed This bill would have increased access to higher education by allowing both members and descendants of federally recognized Montana Tribes to apply for tuition waivers for college. Revise laws related to Indian Education for All Bill Number: HB 338 Sponsor: Rep. Windy Boy Outcome: Passed HB 338 revises Indian Education for All by requiring the Board of Education and the Superintendent of Public instruction to incorporate the unique cultural heritage of Montana American Indians into content standards with involvement from Tribal Nations. It also improves reporting requirements for Indian Education for All funds. Revise the Tribal computer programming scholarship program Bill Number: HB 346 Sponsor: Rep. Windy Boy Outcome: Passed Appropriation: $96,000[17] The Tribal Computer Programming Program was created to develop and improve Tribal high schools’ computer programming courses. It allocates scholarships for school teachers on reservations to develop their education in computer programming. This bill is a revision that expands the requirements for applicants to include elementary and middle school teachers and shifts administration to the Department of Labor and Industry rather than the Office of Public Instruction. Require examination of the creation of state-Tribal education accord schools Bill Number: HB 394 Sponsor: Rep. Windy Boy Outcome: Failed HB 394 would have established a collaborative environment between states and Tribal Nations to explore creating state-tribal education accord schools. An accord school created through this study would aim to develop the educational potential of American Indian children and further work to preserve American Indian cultural integrity. Improve school district consultation with American Indian Tribes Bill Number: HB 395 Sponsor: Rep. Windy Boy Outcome: Failed The goal of having open communication between the Tribal Nations and schools is to support the long-term success of American Indian students through the state's commitment to preserving American Indian cultural integrity under the Montana constitution. HB 395 would have ensured that public schools with at least 50 percent American Indian student enrollment consult Tribal Nations on the district’s educational programs and activities.   Health The federal government has a trust responsibility to Tribal Nations to provide health care to American Indians that stems from early treaties. Between 1778 and 1871, the United States negotiated over 400 treaties with American Indian Tribal Nations. These treaties were based on the fundamental idea that each Tribal Nation is independent with its own rights to self-determination and self-rule. Tribal Nations ceded control of billions of acres of their homelands for compensation that often included medical services. The Legislature passing the Community Health Aide Program (CHAPS) and Medicaid expansion has the potential to address healthcare disparities that many American Indians face. Congress created the Indian Health Service (IHS) in 1955. Roughly 20 years later, they would pass the Indian Health Care Improvement Act (IHCIA) that gave legal authority for providing health care to American Indians and Alaska Natives. Primarily it amended the Social Security Act to allow reimbursement by Medicaid and Medicare for services provided to American Indians in IHS or Tribal healthcare facilities. Despite the federal government's trust responsibility, IHS is chronically underfunded and underserves many rural areas. IHS established CHAP to increase access to quality health care in rural communities. However, these require approval from the legislature despite having external funding.[18] In 2019, the federal government paid approximately $5,323 per adult for Medicaid, while the amount spent per person through IHS in the same year was $4,078.[19]^,[20] For more on health care in Indian Country, see MBPC’s policy basics reports: Community Health Aide Program: Frequently Asked Questions and Medicaid Expansion in Indian Country: Improving the Health of Individuals and Communities. Create sexual assault response network program and committee Bill Number: HB 79 Sponsor: Rep. Regier Outcome: Passed Appropriations: $280,038[21] Over half of Indigenous women report sexual violence at some point in their lifetime, and many have difficulties accessing medical and legal support.[22] HB 79 supports Montana’s sexual assault response network and increases the availability of specialized nurse examiner training throughout the state, especially in rural communities. Extend sunset date for community health aide program Bill Number: HB 582 Sponsor: Rep. Windy Boy Outcome: Passed HB 582 extends the sunset date for Community Health Aide Program (CHAP), which was passed last session, and has not been implemented yet. CHAP is a federal program which requires state approval. The program, which would increase health care capacity in Indian Country, is still unfunded at a federal level. Implement rates from provider rate study Bill Number: HB 649 Sponsor: Rep. Caferro Outcome:  Failed Proposed Appropiation: $5 million[23] Over the interim, the Montana Legislature studied how much funding is necessary to increase Medicaid reimbursement rates closer to the actual cost of care. While the Legislature made increases in Medicaid provider rates through HB 2, the budget still falls $19.8 million short of the study’s recommendations.[24] HB 649, would have fully funded the study’s recommendations. Provide funding for behavioral health system for future generations Bill Number: HB 872 Sponsor: Rep. Keenan Outcome: Passed Appropriated: $300 million[25] HB 872 allocates a $300 million fund for Montana’s behavioral health system and establishes the Behavioral Health System for Future Generations Commission. There are no details on what the funds will be used. The new legislative commission will direct the spending, meaning public input on how to best invest in behavioral health in Indian Country will be essential. Require implementation of Medicaid community engagement requirements Bill Number: SB 465 Sponsor: Rep. Trebas Outcome: Failed Proposed Appropriation: $1.1 billion[26] SB 465 would have required the state to institute work requirements and terminate Medicaid expansion if they were not approved by the federal government. Resolution urging federal action to implement community health aide program Bill Number: HR 9 Sponsor: Rep. Windy Boy Outcome: Passed Because the federal government has yet to provide funding for CHAP, HR 9 urges Congress to fully fund CHAP and establish a national certification board to allow for the certification of providers in tribal communities.   Missing and Murdered Indigenous People During the past two legislative sessions, representatives across Indian County have listened to their community’s concerns and have sponsored bills in an effort to halt the Murdered and Missing Persons epidemic. Indigenous Montanans disproportionately account for missing person cases in Montana. Of the top 10 counties in Montana with missing persons per capita, three included reservations.[27] According to a September 2020 report from the Department of Justice, Indigenous people account for 26 percent of missing person cases in Montana while only representing 6.4 percent of the population.[28] The 2023 Legislature passed the following proposals to address the Missing and Murdered Indigenous People (MMIP) crisis. Establish missing persons response team training grant program Bill Number: HB 18 Sponsor: Rep. Running Wolf Outcome: Passed Appropriation: $61,000[29] HB 18 will build capacity among communities to respond to missing person cases. The grant will establish a program to help fund training opportunities for community-based missing persons response teams. Revise and extend Missing Indigenous Persons Task Force Bill Number: HB 163 Sponsor: Rep. Running Wolf Outcome: Passed Appropriations: $210,162[30] HB 163 reauthorizes the Missing & Murdered Indigenous Person (MMIP) Task Force and Looping in Native Communities (LINC) Grant Program response efforts. New to the MMIP bill is an appropriation to the Department of Justice for the purposes of filling 1.0 FTE to coordinate and manage the administration of the MMIP Task Force in and perform duties related to other missing persons programs at the department. Request interim study on missing youth Bill Number: HJ 1 Sponsor: Rep. Sheldon-Galloway Outcome: Passed HJ 1 requests a study on missing youth during the interim. In Montana, 80 percent of all missing people are under 18. This study secures collaboration with several state agencies, including the MMIP Task Force. The study aims for researchers to identify why youth are reported missing and what can be done to reduce those numbers.   Other The miscellaneous bills in this section are stand-out bills that hold historical significance to the lives of many American Indians. All bills in this section came at no expense to the general fund but are great wins across Indian Country for what they represent. It also reveals where learning opportunities could have been taken to further state-Tribal relations but were otherwise turned down at no cost to the state. Revise the Burial Preservation Board member terms Bill Number: HB 281 Sponsor: Rep.  Tony Brockman Outcome: Passed The Burial Preservation Board was created to protect the disturbances or destruction of human skeletal remains found on state and private land and resolve claims for repatriation of human skeletal remains. HB 281 extends the terms of members of the Burial Preservation Board—which includes one representative from each of the federally recognized Indian Tribal Nations in Montana—from 2-year to 4-year terms. Provide for Montana Indian Child Welfare Act Bill Number: HB 317 Sponsor: Rep.  Windy Boy Outcome: Passed The Montana Indian Child Welfare Act (MICWA) provides enhanced protections for American Indian children and codifies the federal Indian Child Welfare Act principles into state law. HB 317 is to sunset in 2025, so reauthorization is needed to continue the act. This bill’s creation came after concerns that the Supreme Court of the United States might strike down ICWA protections in the case Brackeen v. Haaland. But in June 2023, the Supreme Court decided to uphold ICWA protections 7-2. Updates the name of Rocky Mountain Tribal Leaders Council in transportation law Bill Number: HB 489 Sponsor: Rep. Tony Brockman Outcome: Passed The Transportation Commission oversees major decisions regarding Montana's highways, including selecting projects for construction, designation of speed zones, and awarding contracts. The governor consults with the Rocky Mountain Tribal Leaders Council to ensure that at least one appointee of the five-member state transportation commission has specific knowledge of American Indian culture and Tribal transportation needs. HB 489 updates the name of the Montana-Wyoming Tribal Leaders Council to the Rocky Mountain Tribal Leaders Council in the Transportation Commission's code. A resolution recognizing the Vatican's repudiation of the Doctrine of Discovery Bill Number: HR 10 Sponsor: Rep.   Outcome: Failed The Vatican recently and formally repudiated (rejected) the “concepts that fail to recognize the inherent human rights of Indigenous peoples, including what has become known as the legal and political 'Doctrine of Discovery.’” The Vatican rejected a long-held Eurocentric principle, which colonial powers have manipulated and used to justify the taking of lands inhabited by many generations of Indigenous peoples. HR 10 would have created a resolution from the House of Representatives recognizing and expressing gratitude for the open disapproval of the doctrine. Interim study for recognition of the Turtle Mountain Indians Bill Number: HJ 37 Sponsor: Rep.  Smith Outcome: Failed HJ 37 is a joint resolution of the Senate and House requesting an interim study on providing state recognition of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians. More than 2,000 Montanans are enrolled members of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians with Tribal headquarters in Belcourt, North Dakota. The 1904 Davis Agreement resulted in the displacement of most Turtle Mountain Indians, with many relocating to Montana to live on off-reservation allotments. This bill would examine the history and current circumstances of these Tribal citizens and investigate the impacts of providing state recognition of Montana members of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians. Establish the Chief Earl Old Person memorial highway Bill Number: SB 120 Sponsor: Rep. Webber Outcome: Passed Earl Old Person was elected to his first term as a Tribal council member in 1954. He became chief of the Blackfeet Nation in 1978 and served as chairman for 34 years. Earl Old Person delivered the first State of the Tribes address to the Montana Legislature in 1993. He passed away in 2021 and was the longest-serving elected Tribal leader in the nation. The memorial highway location is set to be on U.S. Highway 89 from its intersection with Border Road to its intersection with U.S. Highway 2. Create Indigenous People’s Day Bill Number: SB 141 Sponsor: Rep. Morigeau Outcome: Failed SB 141 would replace Columbus Day (the second Monday in October) with Indigenous Peoples Day. Enhance legislative understanding of state-Tribal relations Bill Number: SB 233 Sponsor: Rep. Morigeau   Outcome: Failed Montana is home to twelve Tribal Nations and seven reservations. SB 233 would have promoted the education of legislators in state-Tribal politics to help them better represent all Montanans. A joint resolution to recognize the Indigenous boarding school experience Bill Number: SJ 6 Sponsor: Rep. Webber Outcome: Passed In the early 1800s, the "Civilization Fund Act" was enacted to assimilate American Indians by forcing them to attend boarding schools. Those who returned home often dealt with surviving horrific traumas. SJ 6 is a joint resolution recognizing the past harms inflicted by the United States. on American Indian communities, survivors, and those who lost their lives to assimilation policies.